I did a couple all nighters in college - once to study for a final, another to write a paper I put off to the very last moment. Both times my sleep cycle was messed up for a few days.
I did a few near all nighters in a row during an implementation a few years ago - had about 6 hours of sleep in 4 days - I was a complete wreck by day 3. Couldn't eat anything but soup, saltines and 7-up due to my stomach being nauseous. I was in tears several times as every time I tried to get some sleep the phone would ring again waking me up to solve another problem. That was probably the worst. Took about a week to recover from that.
On the other extreme - there's an annual trivia contest I play in - 54 hours straight. The team sleeps in shifts to make it through. Usually the last day of the contest I'm up for 24+ hours. Typically I get up a little before midnight for the Saturday night/Sunday morning graveyard shift, and then don't go to sleep until after the contest ends and the awards are given early Monday morning. This usually takes a couple days for me to get back on normal sleep schedule, but because I'm having fun with friends, it's doesn't seem as bad. Plus it's something I plan for so I'm prepared for staying up that long.